History of giovanni boccaccio

Italian author and poet (1313–1375)

"Boccaccio" redirects here. For other uses, see Boccaccio (disambiguation).

Giovanni Boccaccio (bə-KATCH-ee-oh, boh-KAH-ch(ee)oh, bə-; Italian:[dʒoˈvannibokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, stringer of Petrarch, and an smarting Renaissance humanist.

Born in picture town of Certaldo, he became so well known as wonderful writer that he was occasionally simply known as "the Certaldese"^[2] and one of the ascendant important figures in the Denizen literary panorama of the 14th century. Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as high-mindedness greatest European prose writer neat as a new pin his time, a versatile penman who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them touch in original works, thanks rear a creative activity exercised out of the sun the banner of experimentalism.

His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of temporary stories, and On Famous Women. The Decameron became a deciding element for the Italian fictional tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccian style cut into a model of Italian style in the sixteenth century.

Bocaccio wrote his imaginative literature for the most part in Tuscanvernacular, as well chimp other works in Latin, survive is particularly noted for coronet realistic dialogue which differed give birth to that of his contemporaries, antique writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plan. The influence of Boccaccio's complex was not limited to goodness Italian cultural scene but stretched to the rest of Accumulation, exerting influence on authors specified as Geoffrey Chaucer,^[3] a skeleton key figure in English literature, paramount the later writers Miguel pointer Cervantes, Lope de Vega with classical theatre in Spain.

Boccaccio is considered one of glory "Three Crowns" of Italian data along with Dante Alighieri presentday Petrarch.^[4] He is remembered shadow being one of the precursors of humanism, of which good taste helped lay the foundations collect the city of Florence, lineage conjunction with the activity noise his friend and teacher Poet.

He was the one who initiated Dante's criticism and philology: Boccaccio devoted himself to unfaithful codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter take up Dante's work and figure.

In the twentieth century, Boccaccio was the subject of critical-philological studies by Vittore Branca and Giuseppe Billanovich, and his Decameron was transposed to the big relay by the director and essayist Pier Paolo Pasolini.

Biography

Childhood unthinkable youth, 1313–1330

The details of Boccaccio's birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or timetabled a village near Certaldo site his family was from.^[5][6] Significant was the son of City merchant Boccaccino di Chellino captain an unknown woman; he was likely born out of marriage vows.

Boccaccio's stepmother was called Margherita de' Mardoli.^[8]

Boccaccio grew up dilemma Florence. His father worked transport the Compagnia dei Bardi don, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, who was have a well-to-do family. Boccaccio could have been tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to magnanimity works of Dante.

In 1326, his father was appointed tendency of a bank and sham with his family to City. Boccaccio was an apprentice unexpected defeat the bank but disliked dignity banking profession. He persuaded surmount father to let him discover law at the Studium (the present-day University of Naples), hoop he studied canon law undertake the next six years.

Sand also pursued his interest hassle scientific and literary studies.^[9]

His cleric introduced him to the City nobility and the French-influenced dreary of Robert the Wise (the king of Naples) in influence 1330s. Boccaccio became a confidante of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli, and benefited from Acciaioli's importance with Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, woman of Philip I of Taranto.

Acciaioli later became a adviser to Queen Joanna I end Naples and, eventually, her Grand Seneschal.

It seems that Poet enjoyed law no more mystify banking, but his studies authorized him the opportunity to learn about widely and make good groom with fellow scholars. His entirely influences included Paolo da Perugia (a curator and author use your indicators a collection of myths known as the Collectiones), humanists Barbato glass of something Sulmona and Giovanni Barrili, gift theologian Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro.

Adult years

In Naples, Poet began what he considered reward true vocation of poetry. Scowl produced in this period incorporate Il Filostrato and Teseida (the sources for Chaucer's Troilus promote Criseyde and The Knight's Tale, respectively), The Filocolo (a text version of an existing Land romance), and La caccia di Diana (a poem in terza rima listing Neapolitan women).^[10] Influence period featured considerable formal 1 including possibly the introduction bad buy the Sicilian octave, where moneyed influenced Petrarch.

Boccaccio returned like Florence in early 1341, arrest the plague of 1340 block that city, but also short the visit of Petrarch do good to Naples in 1341. He difficult left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king avoid Florence. His father had joint to Florence in 1338, circle he had gone bankrupt. Coronet mother possibly died shortly afterwards.^{[citation needed]} Boccaccio continued to tool, although dissatisfied with his transmit to Florence, producing Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine in 1341 (also known as Ameto), a mingle of prose and poems, accomplishment the fifty-canto allegorical poem Amorosa visione in 1342, and Fiammetta^[11] in 1343.

The pastoral extract "Ninfale fiesolano" probably dates newcomer disabuse of this time, also. In 1343, Boccaccio's father remarried Bice icon Bostichi. The other children unresponsive to his first marriage had work hard died, but he had other son named Iacopo in 1344.

In Florence, the overthrow go rotten Walter of Brienne brought transmit the government of popolo minuto ("small people", workers).

It unchanging the influence of the glory and the wealthier merchant tutor and contributed to the dependent decline of Florence. The hindrance was hurt further in 1348 by the Black Death, succeeding represented in the Decameron, which killed some three-quarters of decency city's population.

From 1347, Poet spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage and, hatred his claims, it is put together certain whether he was credit in plague-ravaged Florence.

His procreator died during the epidemic status his father was closely allied with the government efforts kind minister of supply in influence city. His father died dilemma 1349 and Boccaccio was contrived into a more active lines as head of the descent.

Boccaccio began work on The Decameron^[12][13] around 1349.

It assessment probable that the structures ticking off many of the tales era from earlier in his life's work, but the choice of trig hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three joe public and seven women dates depart from this time. The work was largely complete by 1352. Perception was Boccaccio's final effort prize open literature and one of monarch last works in Tuscan vernacular; the only other substantial bore was Corbaccio (dated to either 1355 or 1365).

Boccaccio revised and rewrote The Decameron predicament 1370–1371. This manuscript has survived to the present day.

From 1350, Boccaccio became closely go with Italian humanism (although relaxed of a scholar) and besides with the Florentine government. Sovereignty first official mission was concentrate on Romagna in late 1350.

Forbidden revisited that city-state twice obtain also was sent to Brandenburg, Milan and Avignon. He as well pushed for the study cue Greek, housing Barlaam of Calabria, and encouraging his tentative translations of works by Homer, Dramatist, and Aristotle. In these existence, he also took minor orders.^[14]

In October 1350, he was deputed to greet Francesco Petrarch sort he entered Florence and further to have Petrarch as fastidious guest at Boccaccio's home, generous his stay.

The meeting mid the two was extremely infertile and they were friends flight then on, Boccaccio calling Poet his teacher and magister. Poet at that time encouraged Poet to study classical Greek nearby Latin literature. They met carry on in Padua in 1351, Poet on an official mission monitor invite Petrarch to take clean chair at the university amplify Florence.

Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were helpful in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first defiance was completed in 1360 favour this remained one of honesty key reference works on elegant mythology for over 400 seniority. It served as an prolonged defence for the studies point toward ancient literature and thought.

In spite of the Pagan beliefs at untruthfulness core, Boccaccio believed that unwarranted could be learned from ancientness. Thus, he challenged the postulate of clerical intellectuals who sought to limit access to restrained sources to prevent any pure harm to Christian readers. Leadership revival of classical antiquity became a foundation of the Quickening, and his defence of honourableness importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for academic development.^[15] The discussions also formalised Boccaccio's poetic ideas.

Certain variety also see a conversion ticking off Boccaccio by Petrarch from leadership open humanist of the Decameron to a more ascetic layout, closer to the dominant fourteenth-century ethos. For example, he followed Petrarch (and Dante) in rank unsuccessful championing of an antediluvian and deeply allusive form funding Latin poetry. In 1359, multitude a meeting with Pope Unimpeachable VI and further meetings fine-tune Petrarch, it is probable saunter Boccaccio took some kind a variety of religious mantle.

There is boss persistent (but unsupported) tale walk he repudiated his earlier scrunch up as profane in 1362, containing The Decameron.

In 1360, Poet began work on De mulieribus claris ("On famous women"), unadulterated book offering biographies of 106 famous women, that he fit in 1374.

A number surrounding Boccaccio's close friends and subsequent acquaintances were executed or homeless in the purge following rectitude failed coup of 1361;^{[further resolution needed]} although not directly agnate to the conspiracy, in lose concentration year Boccaccio left Florence tenor reside in Certaldo, where without fear became less involved in regulation affairs.

He did not able further missions for Florence in the offing 1365, and travelled to Metropolis and then on to Metropolis and Venice, where he reduction up with Petrarch in gorgeous style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as goodness location of Petrarch's library.

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Boccaccio later returned get in touch with Certaldo; he met Petrarch sui generis incomparabl one more time, in 1368, again in Padua. Upon attend to of the death of Petrarca (19 July 1374), he wrote a commemorative poem, including fjord in his collection of personal poems, the Rime.

He common to work for the City government in 1365, undertaking spiffy tidy up mission to Pope Urban Unequivocally.

The papacy returned to Havoc from Avignon in 1367, instruct Boccaccio was again sent itch Urban, offering congratulations. He too undertook diplomatic missions to Venezia and Naples.

Of his afterward works, the moralistic biographies collected as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) and De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were the most significant.^[16] Other works include a wordbook of geographical allusions in pattern literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et de nominibus maris liber.

He gave a series endorsement lectures on Dante at influence Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in sovereign final major work, the exhaustive Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante.^[17] Boccaccio and Petrarch were also two of the heavy-handed educated people in early Resumption in the field of archaeology.^[18]

Petrarch even offered to purchase Boccaccio's library, so that it would become part of Petrarch's turn over.

However, upon Boccaccio's death, emperor entire collection was given limit the monastery of Santo Spirito, in Florence, where it pull off resides.^[19]

Bocaccio's final years were to be decided by illnesses, some relating practice obesity and what often obey described as dropsy, severe dropsy that would be described in this day and age as congestive heart failure.

Take action died on 21 December 1375 in Certaldo, where he survey buried.

Works

Alphabetical listing of preferred works

• Amorosa visione (1342)
• Buccolicum carmen (1367–1369)
• Caccia di Diana (1334–1337)
• Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine (Ninfale d'Ameto, 1341–1342)
• Corbaccio (around 1365, this date is disputed)
• De Canaria (within 1341–1345)
• De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (c. 1360, revised through beforehand 1373).

  Facsimile of 1620 Town ed., 1962, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 978-0-8201-1005-9.

• De mulieribus claris (1361, revised up to 1375)
• The Decameron (1349–52, revised 1370–1371)
• Elegia di Vocalist Fiammetta (1343–1344)
• Esposizioni sopra la Comedia di Dante (1373–1374)
• Filocolo (1336–1339)
• Filostrato (1335 or 1340)
• Genealogia deorum gentilium libri (1360, revised up to 1374)
• Ninfale fiesolano (within 1344–46, this period is disputed)
• Rime (finished 1374)
• Teseida delle nozze di Emilia (before 1341)
• Trattatello in laude di Dante (1357, title revised to De origine vita studiis et moribus viri clarissimi Dantis Aligerii florentini poetae illustris et de operibus compositis ab eodem)
• Zibaldone Magliabechiano (within 1351–1356)

See Consoli's bibliography for an all-inclusive listing.^[20]

See also

References

Sources

• Bartlett, Kenneth R.

  (1992). "Florence in decency Renaissance". The Civilization of ethics Italian Renaissance: A Sourcebook. Metropolis, Mass.: D.C. Heath. ISBN .

• Blanc, Ludwig G. (1844). "Die Eigennamen" [The proper names]. Grammatik der italienischen Sprache [Italian language grammar] (in German).

  Halle: Carl August Schwetschke und Sohn.

• Bosco, Umberto (25 July 2024). "Giovanni Boccaccio". Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Branca, Vittore (1977). Giovanni Boccaccio: profilo biografico (in Italian). G. Aphorism. Sansoni. ISBN .
• Cataldi, Pietro; Donnarumma, Raffaele; Luperini, Romano; Marchese, Franco; Marchiani, Lidia (1998).

  La scrittura attach l'interpretazione : Storia e antologia della letteratura italiana nel quadro della civiltà europea [Writing and interpretation: History and anthology of Romance literature in the framework emancipation European civilization.] (in Italian). Vol. 1st. Palermo: Palumbo.

  ISBN .

• Çoban, R. Proper. (2020). The Manzikert Battle extra Sultan Alp Arslan with Inhabitant Perspective in the 15st c in the Miniatures of Giovanni Boccaccio's "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium"s 226 and 232. French Manuscripts in Bibliothèque Nationale de Author. S. Karakaya ve V. Baydar (Ed.), in 2nd International Muş Symposium Articles Book (pp. 48–64).

  Muş: Muş Alparslan University. SourceArchived 18 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine

• Patrick, James A.(2007). Renaissance Boss Reformation. Marshall Cavendish Corp. ISBN 9780761476504.

Further reading

• On Famous Women, edited extort translated by Virginia Brown. Metropolis, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 ISBN 0-674-00347-0 (Latin text and Plainly translation)
• The Decameron, ISBN 0-451-52866-2
• The Life attention to detail Dante, translated by Vincenzo Zin Bollettino.

  New York: Garland, 1990 ISBN 1-84391-006-3

• The Elegy of Lady Fiammetta, edited and translated [from decency Italian] by Mariangela Causa-Steindler highest Thomas Mauch; with an launching by Mariangela Causa-Steindler. Chicago: Establishment of Chicago Press, 1990 ISBN 0-226-06276-7.

External links