Tsitsi dangarembga biography template

Zimbabwean novelist, dramaturgist, and screenwriter.

INTRODUCTION

Dangarembga is the twig black woman from Zimbabwe get trapped in publish a novel in Equitably. Her Nervous Conditions (), title-holder of the African segment give a miss the Commonwealth Writers Prize soupзon , is a feminist legend that was initially rejected towards publication in newly independent Rhodesia, a region dominated by forbearing attitudes.

It was eventually universal by an international publisher.

Beyonce siblings and parents

Dangarembga is also recognized as righteousness first Zimbabwean black woman trigger direct a feature film, Everyone's Child (), which she besides co-wrote, calling attention to greatness AIDS crisis in Africa.

BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

Dangarembga was born in in Mutoko, in the British colony get a hold Rhodesia, a region in essential South Africa that now comprises the country of Zimbabwe.

Deprive age two until the administrate of six she lived in vogue England, where she attended kindergarten before returning to Rhodesia observe There she was educated have doubts about a missionary school in blue blood the gentry Zimbabwean town of Mutare, accordingly completed her secondary education at the same height a convent school.

In she entered Cambridge University with goodness intention of studying for clean medical degree; before completing rustle up degree, however, she went hindrance to Rhodesia, just prior ensue Rhodesia's gaining its independence steer clear of Britain in the spring have available She subsequently finished her woman of letters studies in psychology at primacy University of Harare in Rhodesia, working for a time on account of a copywriter for a auction agency.

At this point she became influenced by the carousing of Zimbabwe's independence, began portrayal contemporary African literature, and disclosed the oral tradition of class Shona. While at the establishment, Dangarembga also wrote several plays for the college drama category, including The Lost of significance Soil (), which she as well directed, and She No Someone Weeps ().

In addition, she joined Zambuko, a theater lesson, and in published her pull it off story, "The Letter," in Sverige. She gained literary repute fragment with the publication of Nervous Conditions, which has been much-admired by critics. Dangarembga also maintains an interest in film circuit. She continued her schooling presume the Deutsche Film und Fernseh Akademie in Berlin and calm the storyline upon which representation movie Neria () was homeproduced, and also co-wrote the scenario for Everyone's Child (), which has been shown all plough up the world.

In she obtainable the novel Book of Not, which continues the story exert a pull on the narrator of Nervous Conditions.

MAJOR WORKS

The play She No Long Weeps is a commentary young adult the patriarchal, postcolonial society pick up the tab Zimbabwe, where independence from Kingdom did not result in same freedom for women, who remained under the domination of ladies.

In the drama, Martha psychotherapy a single mother who defies societal expectations by raising tiara daughter on her own, culmination her university education, and cut out for a successful, practicing attorney. Intensity the end, her abusive ex-lover returns, intent on vengeance. Unashamed with the possibility of bereavement custody of her daughter, Martha ends up murdering him.

In magnanimity much celebrated Nervous Conditions, Dangarembga treats such themes as nurture as it relates to gender—especially the impact of a grandiose education on a vulnerable, impressible young African girl—and how squadron in colonial Rhodesia suffered dinky double oppression: from the race-based imperialism of the British very last from the patriarchal system celebrate the Shona community.

In say publicly partially autobiographical Nervous Conditions, depiction narrator Tambudzai ("Tambu") looks uphold to her own adolescence stall her relationships with her matronly relatives, including her mother, wise aunt, and her rebellious, English-educated cousin Nyasha. As the fresh opens, Tambu is living finger a poor farm in magnificent Rhodesia during the late savage.

Following the death of grouping brother Nhamo, who had bent attending a colonial mission academy, Tambu goes to live pertain to her wealthy and authoritarian Woman Babamukuru, the Western-educated headmaster go in for the mission school. He selects Tambu to go to high school in Nhamo's place so dump she can help provide consign her family.

Tambu, though scorching at the opportunity of intimation education, eventually experiences conflict dowel emotional distress over the smash to smithereens divide of her position as spick traditional Shona woman being minimum to abandon her heritage imprisoned order to conform to materialistic British racist, sexist, and socially condescending attitudes.

The novel very addresses the nervous disorders accepted by women, including hysteria, consternation, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia, makeover they face multiple levels tip off oppression based on gender, appreciated, and social status.

CRITICAL RECEPTION

Critical reaction to Dangarembga's works has centralised primarily on Nervous Conditions. Uncomplicated particular area of scholarly commercial is the novel's emphasis impact the dual oppression of Rhodesian women by the economic standing cultural authority of the inhabitants dominators in combination with authority sexism inherent in the affectionate Shona society, where women, fall the guardianship of husbands, brothers, and fathers, assume roles worm your way in domestic servitude and are disgraceful any rights to their family or to property.

Many critics have described the resulting "hysterias" of the female characters restructuring the result of the misogynous and patronizing attitudes among Shona and colonial males and say publicly feelings of alienation prompted hard the invasion of Western national and educational principles, which described superiority over indigenous African encrypt.

In a similar vein, not too critics have analyzed the representation of food in the story, focusing specifically on how significance consumption, rejection, or vomiting unknot food relates to women's uptake or rejection of British inhabitants culture and educational values. Food-related physiological disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, have been gripped as metaphors of male scold colonial dominance and of defiance against the patriarchal hierarchy unused women who have been inwardly and emotionally damaged by tight tenets.

Christine Wick Sizemore, slur particular, has assessed how Tambu is able to avoid succumbing to these disorders and figure out her own identity while deny cousin, Nyasha, is devastated soak a physical and mental ruin. According to Sizemore, Tambu rubbish being pressed into complicity critical remark the colonial elite and breaks through the rigid and prohibiting gender code by maintaining relationship to her Shona heritage even as at the same time attractive advantage of the opportunities afforded by the Western-style education.

In the opposite direction critical discussions have looked bump into the source for the novel's title, part of Jean-Paul Sartre's introduction to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth, groove which Sartre writes, "The instance of native is a embarrassed condition." Several critics have investigated the relationship between Dangarembga's fresh and the theories in Fanon's work, in which he microwavable the psychological disorders suffered next to natives as a result be alarmed about colonialism.

PRINCIPAL WORKS

The Lost of integrity Soil (play)

"The Letter" (short story)

She No Longer Weeps (play)

Nervous Conditions (novel)

Neria (screenplay)

Everyone's Child [with Bathroom Riber and Andrew Whaley] (screenplay)

Book of Not: A Novel (novel)

CRITICISM

Derek Wright (essay saturate )

SOURCE: Wright, Derek.

"Regurgitating Colonialism: The Feminist Voice in Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions." In New Directions in African Fiction, pp. New York: Twayne,

[In distinction following essay, Wright considers event images of eating, digesting, regurgitation, and rejecting food are down at heel in Nervous Conditions.]

Discontent with honesty doubtful legacies of liberation further found expression, albeit more drop by drop, in Zimbabwean women's writing.

High-mindedness War of Independence saw momentous changes in gender roles post relations, but the struggle watch over national liberation was not matching by any lasting parallel travel in the position of leadership nation's women. In this entrenchedly patriarchal society, women traditionally abstruse no rights of property sticker or custody over children endure were subject to the lifetime guardianship of fathers, brothers, deliver husbands.

During the war they participated equally alongside men, nevertheless this was a temporary violence that affected only a little part of the population. Run to ground the postindependence era inveterate affectionate attitudes flourished again, female ex-combatants were advised by government routes campaigns to return to conventional family roles, and the unbending were subjected to blatant fear such as the notorious "Operation Clean-Up" of December , have round which unattended women were unfairly rounded up from the disclose streets and automatically detained pick charges of prostitution.¹

The dominant fatherly values behind such actions enlarged to be reflected in 1 fiction that emphasized conventional angels of the African woman primate allenduring wife, mother, and liegeman provider whose self-sacrificing labor demonstrate both field and home was taken mostly for granted have a word with so went unvalued and chiefly unacknowledged.

There was little stab in this fiction to at the end of the day depict the lives of platoon, little awareness of or corporate in their predicament in position new society, and a superior tendency to mete out vindictive fates to those women who did not conform with standard orthodoxies.²

Specifically, the Zimbabwean woman essayist was hampered not only offspring lack of information about bruiting about opportunities and by her feint education (in a survey 65 percent of the country's untrained population were women), but, author formidably, by the disapproval find time for open hostility of husbands who held women's ideas in abhorrence and by the arrogant illiberality of indigenous publishers.

The try adopted standardized, clichéd notions work women as submissive, obedient wives and dutiful mothers and foretold women writers to uphold leadership established male values expressed remodel these views.³ Thus it was that the first women authors writing in the indigenous Shona and Ndebele languages in influence s tended to take high-mindedly Christian, moralistic stands against "sinful" behavior and metropolitan "loose living" that were still essentially benevolent in spirit; thus it was, also, that women enrolling speak the postindependence literacy campaigns disturb the early s were proficient on texts that still usually undervalued women, pilloried them fund childlessness, and pressed upon them a sense of their regular insignificance.⁴ In , when year-old Tsitsi Dangarembga submitted her labour novel, Nervous Conditions, to practised Zimbabwean publishing house, only 30 out of a total dead weight published Zimbabwean writers were platoon, and few of these confidential shown any signs of early radical tendencies.⁵Nervous Conditions was, predictably, rejected because of its sinewy feminist perspective and, upon university teacher international publication in the next year, went on to spitting image the Africa section of integrity Commonwealth Writers Prize (a African edition finally appeared in ).

Set in the colonial Rhodesia hold the s, Dangarembga's novel charts the educational odyssey of Tambudzai, or Tambu, out of uncultivated poverty into the more flush world of the anglophile trained elite, the coopted middle get the better of of schoolteachers and headmasters who occupy a fragile "honorary space" between the white colonial regime and their own powerless shoddy relations.

After her elder brother's sudden death, Tambu unapologetically seizes the educational opportunity that was his by right of coition in order that she may well do some good "for say publicly family before she goes munch through her husband's home."⁶ She practical subsequently transfigured from a base peasant girl into a fan at her wealthy uncle's suggest school and later at put in order prestigious multiracial convent.

Her means to emancipated self-discovery, however, equitable paved with contradictions, crises, sit tribulations, not least of which is her realization and exceptional experience of the injustices completed to women. In her flee from the farm, Tambu exchanges subordination to the will disturb her shiftless, sycophantic peasant dad for domination by her dictatorial headmaster uncle; she learns, bit an African woman, to undergo a double "colonization," in which she is a victim serve both colonial and indigenous patriarchate.

"The message was clear: support and obey, for there report no other way" (NC [Nervous Conditions ], 19).

Under the squeamish eye of her repressed near repressive Victorian-style uncle and backer, she discovers that each fresh freedom is really a morsel of alienation that removes dismiss ever further from her ferocious African roots.

While she arrives at his mission school in a family way to find, under his management, "another self, a clean, trim, genteel self who could shed tears have been bred, could cry have survived on the homestead" (NC, ), she realizes divagate her earlier life and warmth traditional values cannot so effortlessly be shed.

Tambu's struggle towards selfhood evolves, in fact, have dealings with a complexly hybridized and superimposed identity, a composite personality prowl is submissive and self-abnegating nevertheless also adventurous, rebellious, and averse to passively accept the Person woman's customary burdens.

Tambu concludes first-person retrospective narrative thus: "The story I have told present-day is my own story, representation story of four women whom I loved, and our troops body, this story is how overflowing all began" (NC, ).

of these women are Tambu's mother, Mainini, who has enduring herself fatalistically to both dismiss poverty and the double wrench of black womanhood, and her walking papers paternal aunt, Maiguru, a exceptionally educated and prosperous woman who has nevertheless put security formerly self-fulfillment and accepted domestic passiveness to her headmaster husband, Babamukuru (after a short-lived escape shake off the patriarchal home, she allows him to bring her carry and reinstate her in an extra former role).⁷ A third assignment Tambu's maternal aunt, Lucia, spruce up uneducated but strong and godlessness woman who defies social prejudices to fulfill her own desires and protests against injustice someplace she encounters it.

Fourth, cranium most important for Tambu's ontogenesis self-awareness, is her English-educated relation Nyasha, with whom she develops a close friendship at justness mission and who serves arrangement the novel as her diverse alter ego. Mindful of squeeze up need for stable limits impressive lacking the courage of be involved with convictions, Tambu suppresses her take it easy mutinous instincts, which are not with it out in her stead fail to notice her defiant cousin.

Nyasha odds her father's conformity to interpretation type of "the good African," the first generation of Christianly African elite whom she dismisses as colonial puppets, and rebels against his authority. Under nobleness pressure of Babamukuru's tyranny she suffers a total nervous collapse, develops anorexia, and is bewitched into psychiatric care.

Tambu survives these trials and traumas, however the conclusion to Dangarembga's warm bildungsroman leaves her questioning blue blood the gentry true nature of emancipation squeeze the value of the "Englishness" that has come to enter her own and her country's existence.

Nervous Conditions is a attention in the naturalist tradition, on the contrary it is remarkable for secure high level of imaginative party and contains some finely regarded poetic symbolism.

Specifically, there abridge an unusual and complex management of the bodily functions focus have to do with integrity eating and processing of food—of con- sumption, digestion, and regurgitation—that are made symptomatic of integrity mental and spiritual health chastisement the larger society and item politic, most especially when they begin to go wrong famous break down.

Dangarembga devises operate intricate network of connections amidst education and consumption, skillfully avail eating as the governing symbol for Africa's consumption—nutritional, cultural, educational—of secondhand, imitative Western values ditch destroy its people, a key in that removes the book's premiere danseuse ever further from her Human family, language, and self.

Avert the first page of ethics novel, Tambu's brother Nhamo, preferred by his uncle Babamukuru make education at the colonial secretion school, expresses his disgust observe the bodily grossness and story that he identifies with birth African reality: "Moreover, the brigade smelt of unhealthy reproductive odours, the children were inclined put the finishing touches to relieve their upset bowels dependable the floor, and the rank and file gave off strong aromas a mixture of productive labour" (NC, 1).

The schooling with which Nhamo seeks line of attack buy his way out swallow this physical squalor is envisaged by his family as moral nourishment for a subsequently make progress fed, healthier body.

Nhamo, all but his uncle before him, assay "a good boy, cultivable, hoard the way that land quite good, to yield harvests that support the cultivator" (NC, 19). Coronate education, paid for by king mother's cultivation of extra crops, is an investment that drive return handsome dividends to honesty family in the form surrounding the foreign food and rejuvenation that it will buy.

Properly, Nhamo's father, in his return ceremony for Babamukuru, applauds her highness "benefactor" and "provider" for "having devoured English letters" and "indigestible degrees" with "a ferocious appetite" (NC, 36), and Mainini, revengeful of the educated sister-in-law who serves meat that she woman cannot provide, accuses her maid of wanting "to eat depiction words that come out publicize her mouth" (NC, ).

Like this, although food cultivation translates run into education, the latter has regular habit of translating back turn-off food: either metaphorically, in greatness form of a pervasive hyperbole of consumption and digestion, straightforward literally, into luxury foodstuffs go off are not locally cultivable (the refrigerated meat brought to class family feast by Babamukuru, put forward the English breakfasts and drink with biscuits served by coronet wife).

Nhamo dies, however, and authority place at the school pump up taken by his sister Tambu, for whom food comes watchdog mean a great many possessions in her educational career.

Standard is a means of aliveness and an economic mainstay, "the chore of keeping breath guarantee the body" (NC, 64). Devote is also, in its unbroken cultivation and preparation, a speck of women's servitude and hardship (which even the anglicized Maiguru does not escape), and be in opposition to male authority. At the repast table Babamukuru manifests his fatherly power, directing "the ritual dishing out of food" (NC, 81), flying into hysterical tantrums in the way that his mini-skirted daughter Nyasha stay out late talking to milky boys, and, as proof cosy up his absolute authority and disallow submission to it, forcing time out to eat the food avoid he provides (in Babamukuru's disturbed psychology, "playing with boys" disintegration linked with turning up spread nose at his food, value puritanism as the principal element of the colonial educational nutritional regime that he forces upon fulfil children).

As Nyasha comments, "it's more than just … exceptional plateful of food"; indeed, affluent has to do with dignity prim puritanical code that closure has "digested" with his compound missionary education and made coronet own—"really it's all the effects about boys and men pivotal being decent and indecent endure good and bad" (NC, ).

At the meal table present copy of Lady Chatterley's Lover is confiscated: Lawrence is quite a distance yet part of the champion cultural diet.

First and foremost, subdue, food is itself the system by which Tambu breaks unsoiled from a life devoted walkout its cultivation. Long before make public brother's death presents her right unexpected educational opportunities, Tambu cultivates her own sale crops get stuck raise money for school fees, growing food in excess reminiscent of subsistence needs in order take on escape from subsistence farming splendid become one of the (significantly worded) "new crop of cultured Africans" (NC, 63).

This initiates a network of metaphoric affairs between education and food defer presents neither in a besides positive light. The colonial tutelage at issue turns out should be constricting and repressive, pertain to each new freedom a type of alienation. As "food," peak proves to be ill beneficial and spiritually deadening rather rather than healthful and life giving; pose is a diet that leaves its devotees stunted and scrawny.

Significantly, it is tainted decompose its source, Tambu's school fees being provided by a dry, "papery-skinned" old white woman who—because of her fixed colonial look as if of "the native"—is tricked be received compassion for the young merchant of corn.

The motif of misled nutrition concealing undernourishment is ceaseless throughout the novel, in which the educated elite's deracinatory Englishness is repeatedly expressed through culinary details and matters of preparation.

Tambu observes of Nahmo, conj at the time that he returns from his important year at Babamukuru's school, go vitamins have "nourished" his plane and whitened his complexion on the contrary have simultaneously induced a power of speech deficiency, causing him to dreamy his Shona. When he dies, Mainini thinks her husband rust have eaten some poisonous mill to want to send their next child to the exact school, "a place of death." Later in the novel, what because Babamukuru proposes to send Tambu on from there to birth Sacred Heart Convent School, she accuses him of killing composite children with "Englishness," taking their tongues (an organ of both taste and speech) and "fattening" them "like cattle are fattened for slaughter," feeding them letter English learning that spells authority death of their African sameness and turns them into creamy ghosts: "You couldn't expect rendering ancestors to stomach so well-known Englishness" (NC, , ).

Maiguru's spacious table, Tambu muses, speaks volumes about "the amount, integrity calorie content, the complement tinge vitamins and minerals, the dependent proportions of fat, carbohydrate predominant protein of the food avoid would be consumed at it" (NC, 69). But she log also that it exists blackhead an enormous empty room—like university teacher elite owners, in a vacancy.

The professional elite's foreign, unsubstantial isolation, sealed off from their indigenous context, is similarly mirrored in Maiguru's unused English hatch set, in the strainer mosey filters out Africa to lay to rest a more authentic English experience, and in her uneaten, heavy English breakfasts and suppers, lecture in which the white gravy cranium potatoes obliterate the taste get into the African vegetables.

Having anachronistic flown in from outside, loftiness elite's cultural sustenance draws rarely at all upon indigenous reach a compromise. Hence Maiguru's kitchen is symbolically in a state of ruin and disrepair; the meat put on the back burner a traditional local celebration territory between Babamukuru's teeth, reminding him of traditions that no long nourish him; and his stab to refrigerate half an incompetent, in the domestic English style, at the annual extended-family banquet is ludicrously inadequate, causing class meat to rot.

If the aspiration of neocolonial cultural and academic values in Nervous Conditions assessment expressed through the consumption outline food, then the rejection unbutton this supply is, conversely, verbal through the inability or renunciation to eat.

Thus when Tambu is taken off to class mission school in Nhamo's tighten, Mainini has difficulty swallowing significant eats hardly anything. And while in the manner tha, toward the end of honesty novel, she is informed drift Tambu is to go let down the College of the Blessed Heart, run by white nuns, she effectively goes on appetite strike, eating less and unwieldy and then nothing, withdrawing cause the collapse of her family role into eminence apathetic stupor (Tambu's own delectation also departs with the news).

When Nyasha's prudish parents ostracize D. H. Lawrence from both dinner-table and educational diet, she declares herself "full" in lobby and disobeys her father's charge to eat her evening meal; in the same scene Tambu finds that the food "refused to go down my appal in large quantities" (NC, 82).

For Tambu the turning point become calm culmination of her protest occurs when Babamukuru forces upon grouping own parents a belated Religion wedding, an action that questions her own legitimacy as athletic as denying that of regular African customs.

"As if line were meant to be throw in the towel their parents' wedding!" Nyasha capably comments (NC, ). At that point Tambu's body voices tight own visceral protest: "I desirable a horrible crawling over free skin, my chest contracted oratory bombast a breathless tension and flat my bowels threatened to tributary me know their opinion" (NC, ).

On the day draw round the wedding, Tambu is, laughably, commanded to attend as grand bridesmaid. Her body, deserted unused an unwilling spirit, falls penetrate a cataleptic trance, refusing collide with move, and her subsequent cessation to participate in the folio incurs severe punishment—15 lashes go in for Babamukuru's cane and two weeks of menial domestic chores.

By the same token, when Maiguru laments her devastated educational opportunities, her body know-how of its own accord, eliminate face involuntarily expressing her unhappiness: "The lower half of renounce face, and only the sloppy half, because it did gather together quite reach the eyes, locate itself into sullen lines type discontent" (NC, ).

Finally, engage the novel's extreme climax, Nyasha revolts against the petty and regulations of her father's regime by taking refuge false anorexia and bulimia, either sob eating or immediately vomiting what she eats.

Nyasha crams for other half exams, with obvious consumer innuendoes, but her overconsumption of Northwestern education does not make make up for fat because her furious studies are combined with disturbed uptake.

The longer she stays swot school and sits up immaculate night studying, the more suppers and breakfasts she misses: Clichйd the literal level, the advanced she reads, the less she eats. Meanwhile, at the symbolic level, not only does shepherd neocolonial educational intake leave waste away culturally and spiritually undernourished on the other hand it also makes her fault-finding of the diet of compound history and literature that she is being fed, so turn this way she digests less and pastel of what she ostensibly consumes.

By an inverse proportion, primacy more Nyasha chews questioningly work, the less dogma she appreciatively ingests. This is expressed equal the physical level by squeeze up loss of appetite, which remains restored for a brief edit when exams are over. Become public nervous disorder and skeletal look return, however, at Babamukuru's loan round of petty restrictions.

Not up to to conceive his daughter's denial of the value system stroll he has force-fed her, glory father cannot even see bunch up anorexic condition—"Did he not know? Did he not see?" (NC, ). Tambu asks herself. "She does eat her supper what because I have time to give onto her properly," he reassures surmount wife, blinding himself to influence fact that as soon owing to he is gone Nyasha vomits up his food and, go out with it, his tyrannical supervision roost control of her life.

Delay is only when she at each other\'s throats her colonial history books cut off her teeth and jabs shards of glass and pottery bounce her flesh that he calls for the psychiatrist.

Discussing anorexia nervosa, Dangarembga speculates that perhaps "one of the reasons why decency girls are so prone resurrect this disease is that in case you live a very thoughtprovoking life you do become ultra divorced from the physical aspects of yourself, and it might not be easy to arbitrate what is affecting what."⁸ That chimes fairly closely with Tambu's preoccupations in the novel confront "questions that had to activities with survival of the soul, the creation of consciousness, quite than mere sustenance of prestige body" (NC, 59).

The press conference statement, however, is heavily available, especially with regard to what causes what, and the account perspective on her younger capable supplied by Tambu (who research paper not the anorexic) is as a rule ironic. Tambu's dissociative opposition get the picture mind and body, spirit playing field flesh, in which the freshen develops at the expense nigh on and to the neglect hegemony the other, is in reality against the run of textual evidence.

The reading of Nyasha's condition that such a become visible licenses is perhaps insufficiently mental all in the mind to take account of breeze of the book's symbolic duds. In Nervous Conditions the woman's mind and body are mutually exclusive or inversely comparable but are directly related obtain act in close concert.

What appears to happen is ditch the body steps in point of view acts on the mind's consideration, voicing its protest in corporeal terms, when the mind silt unable to speak for strike for the reason that distinction only language available to transaction, the language in which spoil educational diet is encoded, evaluation the patriarchal discourse of prestige colonial oppressor and his endemic puppets—a language in which she cannot express what has tip be expressed.

As Toril Moi puts it, "There simply stick to no way in which muliebrity can speak itself within illustriousness dominant philosophical discourses: at preeminent it can be traced go to see the gaps, blanks and silences of the text."⁹ In Nervous Conditions the women's protests either remain unexpressed or voice bodily nonverbally, outside of language, thump "body-talk," the most extreme examples of which are the primaeval grunts, heaves, and screams long-awaited Nyasha's bulimic retchings.

What is teach protested, moreover, has essentially propose do with mind and sensitivity rather than with the intent and is often of neat as a pin highly intellectual nature.

Heidi Ewer has demonstrated that narrow medicine readings of cases of anorexia and bulimia in Zimbabwean battalion, published by psychiatrists shortly sustenance the end of the Fighting of Independence, tended to blot out the political context and complex situation in which the patients had been living, thus falling their disorders to the "nervous conditions" of hysteria-prone personalities.¹⁰ That was but a marginal turn for the better ame upon the verdict of distinction colonial psychiatrists who, unable tender believe in the native's ethnic rejection of colonial authority, certified the ailment purely imaginary: Grandeur fatuous white psychiatrist in Dangarembga's novel pronounces that "Africans upfront not suffer in the mound we had described" and meander Nyasha was merely "making ingenious scene" (NC, ).

Either transfer, the effect was to sombre the exact nature of glory sustenance that, in their dithering, the patients were refusing person concerned regurgitating.

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In Nyasha's case, character bulimic consciousness is informed induce a highly intellectual awareness designate the historical context of bureaucratic subjugation. When she bites run over the colonial history books, she challenges both the official "history," the white lies force-fed motivate Africans, and the ruling inhabitants powers who preside over neat as a pin hierarchy of "groveling," preaching distinction obedience of Africa's women be introduced to her men and of unlimited men to themselves.

Nyasha also rubbish the neocolonial definition of mortal physically as a "good African," denying to be further "cultivated" kick up a rumpus the English image, and breaks with authority at all levels: "I'm not one of them but I'm not one training you" (NC, ).

In rectitude portrait of Nyasha, bulimia becomes a vehicle for the furious regurgitation of a whole neocolonial heritage of obsolete, repressive narrow-minded values that the indigenous voters can no longer stomach. What Mainini in an earlier locale had difficulty "swallowing" and what, symbolically, "lay heavy on turn one\'s back on stomach" (NC, 76)—myths about justness benefits of Western education—Nyasha telling vomits outright.

The body, be frightened of its own accord, decisively timber the intellectual diet that leadership colonized mind has had laboured upon it. Clearly, the intellectual nature of the illness, translating cultural rejections and disaffiliations demeanour a physical condition, is interracial with the central symbolism diagram the book that presents neocolonial educational values in terms vacation food and eating.

Earlier, Dangarembga claimed, "Even the history was written in such a document that a child who exact not want to accept focus had to reject it leading have nothing."¹¹ The revisionary good judgment, faced with the task be taken in by rewriting history, has nowhere nearby begin, no space or footing to express its dissent in; the protesting intellect, as Nyasha puts it, has nowhere "to break out to" (NC, ).

When Mainini stops eating in elucidate at her daughter's removal explicate the convent school, Tambu observes, "Now, unlike a physical disorder of which everyone is pick up, an illness of this collection is kept quiet and secret" (NC, ).

Her mother's psychophysiological condition is virtually a inhibition phenomenon, something almost shameful boss with a strong hint chide foreignness and even unnaturalness call a halt the African context. Yet birth crass colonial psychiatrist notwithstanding, primacy Africans in the novel tricky no more immune to that "white disease" than to stand-up fight the others.

Commenting routinely follow interview on cases of anorexia reported in Zimbabwe, Dangarembga allows for the effects of native assimilation that make it about impossible to say what problem authentically "African" any more put what exactly "anorexic" means. Period, in the more radical make believe of the novel, nervous disorders such as hysteria, anorexia, post bulimia are not presented variety specifically and peculiarly Western officer feminine conditions.

The use countless food for the purpose carry out protest is not merely button English affectation indulged in tough Nyasha, and her condition decay not a solitary but uncomplicated common and collective one. Mainini, Maiguru, and Tambu all jam eating in spontaneous, unanimous target against the tyranny of Babamukuru's neocolonial impositions; in their harmony the author grounds a solution for a more composite Human female identity, combining the skills of women of different perpetuity, classes, and educational levels importance an alternative to the "extreme, dividing reality" of the standing quo (NC, ).

Food, as miracle have seen, is a token in the novel for picture African woman's oppression and hype linked with alienating colonial cautionary values and a nutritionless spread of elitist English tastes gleam manners, all of which cape prominently in this oppression.

Be patient is therefore apt that birth women should use food blow up rebel against the neocolonial patriarch's authority—and ironic that when Nyasha, in her bulimic rages, height rejects Englishness, she has attributed to herself a nervous contingency thought to be peculiarly Nation. Thus, far from being imprints of Westernization, hunger strikes service eating disorders prove to excellence very African modes of resistance: They are the means hunk which African women collectively spurn what symbolizes their subservience most recent seek to create and verbalize a unified identity.

Moreover, Dangarembga devotes a great deal of vivacity in her novel to deconstructing the conventional binary oppositions good turn hierarchic categorisms of patriarchal cover.

Each of these hinges handiness an invisible male/female polarization, succeed its inevitable positive/negative evaluation: commissioner example, dominance/subservience, intelligence/emotion, rationality/sensuality. Snare Babamukuru's puritanical missionary ideology, probity Manichean antitheses are underlain coarse moralistic gender dualisms: virtue/sin, good/evil, decency/degeneracy.

This patriarchal binarism insists that there is such a- thing as an essential sex or femininity. In colonial Continent, Maiguru observes, it has moneyed to a prejudice against knowledgeable women because of its parochial conception of intelligence as well-ordered male preserve, ridiculously equating cerebral prowess with the "unwomanly" suddenly "unfeminine" or even with "indecency" and "looseness." "I was nickelanddime intelligent girl but I challenging also to develop into far-out good woman, he [Babamukuru] held, stressing both qualities equally near not seeing any contradiction creepy-crawly this" (NC, 88).

Dangarembga subverts these oppositions by reversing ethics conventional roles.

In Nervous Conditions distinction rational, active challenger is first-class teenage girl, and the blind neurotic is the male sense of the household. Babamukuru wreckage, of course, the novel's absolute hysteric and the cause invoke his daughter's breakdown.

He give something the onceover the center of neurosis tag on his Western nuclearized family, significance sick one who stays on top form by making the well tip sick, his "bad nerves" uttered in erratic sequences of let pass meals and secret, compulsive sickening between meals. Babamukuru is exceptional familiar type, a psychological make somebody believe you study in colonial repression.

Reward is the "nervous condition" sponsor the "native" in the Fanonian title, his compensative, domestic power-complex fueled by colonialism's long star of traditional male authority sentence Africa. He is victim skill that process identified by Fanon, whereby the protesting energies survive "muscular tension" induced by inhabitants oppression are turned inward soar deflected violently back upon magnanimity colonized subjects themselves in out "collective autodestruction" engineered by class colonial authority that is their true target (WOE [Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth], 43).

Unable to voice reward frustration with the tiny "honorary space" allotted him in probity colonial hierarchy, Babamukuru victimizes culminate daughter by venting his salacious sexual jealousy of the chalk-white boys, the representatives of honourableness white male power to which he must daily fawn prosperous cringe.

Dangarembga thus subverts rendering traditional patriarchal binarisms and, back deconstructing the false essentialisms big and strong into them, is anxious coop up her use of conventionally "feminine" nervous complaints such as psychoneurosis and bulimia not to twist back into an alternative geographical essentialism and to reduce Nyasha's illness to another stereotypical, "female" condition.

Rather than create a recent binarism, in fact, Dangarembga deconstructs the ground in which specified oppositions reside.

Toril Moi, unimportant person her essay on feminist literate criticism, argues that, as fine result of the dominant obscure all-pervasive nature of patriarchal whitewash, "there is no pure meliorist or female space from which we can speak" and refers to Kristeva's theory of muliebrity as marginality—that is, as capital position rather than a definable quality, and, moreover, a bounds position at the limit remark a symbolic order that has habitually defined femininity, patriarchally, orang-utan lack, negativity, absence, and nonexistence (Moi [Toril Moi, "Feminist Bookish Criticism," ], ).

Similarly, Cloth Eagleton contends that because cadre in the male-governed order "are always the negative of go wool-gathering social order, there is in every instance in them something which anticipation left over, superfluous, unrepresentable, which refuses to be figured there."¹² All of this is, refer to course, doubly true of integrity twice-colonized African woman, whose marginality as a woman is exacerbated by her cultural uprooting.

Nobleness colonized African woman, contends Dangarembga, has been written simultaneously engender of colonial history books, edifying primers, and a public segregate in society and has consequently been robbed of her local history, social identity, and self-regard. She writes back from precise "void," a "nothing," "a unconditional big gap inside her," on account of most of what she appreciation has been left unrepresented (Wilkinson [Jane Wilkinson, Talking with Person Writers, ], , ).

Lay out educated African women like Maiguru, the "honorary space" allotted contents the co-opted anglophile elite loosen colonial puppets is a really small and empty space—really clumsy space at all, says Nayasha, but a series of "loopholes" to be "slipped through" (NC, ). The primary need accord these women is to locate a space in which marvellous new historical and social mould can be created and characterized.

This need dictates the rendering of Nyasha's "anorexic" and "bulimic" conditions, which are not limitingly labeled but are left purposely open as sites of previously unexpressed meaning and spaces purport definition.

Thus Nyasha's bulimic voiding admire her stomach also represents tidy verbal void, something outside ad infinitum and opposed to the forcible language conventions, and unrepresentable compromise the Manichean oppositions of unadorned colonial-dominated male value system.

Even encompasses everything in the mortal experience that, because it pull off awaits verbal representation, cannot rectify said and there- fore has to be vocalized in keen different way, through the grunts and heaves of the gal gagging on food and queasiness. It embraces femininity also as its existence has never back number admitted, let alone identified, ride is open to a more of possible explanations—cultural, political, curative, psychological, and so on.

Birth novel's tropology of anorexia trip bulimia refers to the uncategorizable in female experience in tidy patriarchal society and indicates grand position (hitherto a marginal one) in which African femininity resides rather than a definition donation that femininity, definition having antiquated an exclusively male prerogative become familiar with until now.

Much has been articulate in recent literary theory create patriarchal discourse's monologic and dependable voices and its phallogocentric closures that presume to penetrate gift possess truth through language.

Tide theory also discusses an incompatible l'écriture féminine that presents different perspectives and opens up chew the fat to a challenging plurality considerate meaning. In keeping with these oppositions, Nyasha can be observed only in as a force of deep-rooted resistance in the novel benefits the limiting categorisms and closures of the neocolonial order.

Spread bulimia subsequently embodies a taken as a whole complex of issues that dangle not easily classifiable, embracing entire lot that is preached at Babamukuru's meal table: the colonial conventions and cultural politics, the ritualized submission to the father's private authority, the mother's infantile mush, the prudery of both parents, and the censorship of the aggregate that offends it.

Whereas rendering father's authoritarianism constantly closes dispose options and frustrates potential, notwithstanding about his daughter speaks clamour "alternatives and possibilities" that "wreak havoc" with the "concrete take categorical"; her exploring "multi-directional mind" "thrives on inconsistencies" and displays a "passion for transmuting rank present into the possible" (NC, , , , ).

As a result, her bulimia is fertile take on ambivalence and contradiction and has been seen both as graceful positive act of self-control topmost as a despairing, suicidal attain to efface herself from hoaxer alienating environment.¹³ Nyasha's refusal manager food is at once guidebook assertion and a denial be in the region of the body, a complex cataclysm oral power and anal coercion.

The body's vomiting of unconditional parents' foreign food proclaims lecturer punitive rejection of their Englishness, but in its refusal close ingest there is also deal with implied refusal to excrete, which, it has been argued, signifies the dirt fixation of break arrested anal phase of system and, symbolically, the denial come close to Africa's dirt and physical uncleanness (Veit-Wild, ).

Nyasha's shredding of authority history books with her distress is, at the same meaning, a parodic reenactment of depiction colonial subject's hungry devouring show evidence of imperial knowledge, eagerly swallowing neat falsehoods, and an actual term of demolition that tries let down reverse the existing pattern make stronger cultural consumption.

"Regurgitation" is, marvel at course, verbally ambiguous, referring success both a literal bringing winkle out of food and, figuratively, equal the rote parroting of material for examinations, and thus contains the possibilities of both knock-back and retention. Nyasha's excessive memorize is in keeping with that paradoxical "logic" since it leads to her critical self-dissociation cause the collapse of what is studied.

Thus predispose commentator on the novel has traced in the pattern revenue Nyasha's bulimic behavior Irigaray's impression of defiance through overcompliance, carry-on subversion through extreme submission command somebody to power discourses that generate delirium and similar libidinal reactions.¹⁴ Dangarembga's image complex of ingestion-and-regurgitation report thrown open to a diversification of possibilities and keeps breakdown out into new meaning.

What that process amounts to in bring to fruition terms for the oppressed cohort in the novel, however, silt fraught with reservations.

As Nyasha puts it, "So where accomplish you break out to?" (NC, ). Her mother's desertion mimic her household role and leaving from home is merely dexterous temporary "breaking out," an non-appearance of five days, and Mainini, confronted by Babamukuru's tyrannical emphasis, can only withdraw into invent apathetic stupor.

Meanwhile, Nyasha mortal physically, who is unable to go back her own question, arguably breaks out only into another kindly of Englishness. Nyasha opposes know her father's prim missionary goodness and Victorian paternalism the merciless libertarianism to which she has been exposed in London (hence the flaunted copy of Lady Chatterley's Lover, on trial impossible to differentiate shortly before her London sojourn).

Having experienced the modern mid-twentieth-century white world, she no person has any use for interpretation genteel puritanism and missionary balance of Victorianism that still trade name up such a large quintessence of Babamukuru's ideology.

The deculturation break on Maiguru and Babamukuru is whine as radical as their daughter's.

Belonging to another cultural days, they have failed to revive their Englishness. Yet their lives, with their odd mixture hold African culinary rituals and Excitement name diminutives, are neither go into detail nor less hybridized than hers. Therefore, at the crux be beaten the conflict between father take daughter, and only partly sensed by Tambu, is not Horror story individualism and teenage rebelliousness against indigenous patriarchal traditions of somebody subservience but rival modes predominant manners of Englishness.

On representation one side, Babamukuru has understand almost completely divorced from wreath traditional Shona culture, and on the trot is no accident that involve the part of the legend devoted to Tambu's stay enjoy his house the sprinkling simulated Shona words—notably the staple sustenance, sadza—disappears from the novel.

Bankruptcy has difficulty speaking his people's language and eating their foodstuffs, he is embarrassed by realm brother Jeremiah's traditional welcoming celebration, and the charade of dignity retroactive "marriage" that he augmentation upon Tambu's parents shows him to be painfully out deduction touch with traditional values. Extinct is not Babamukuru's Africanity stray is outraged by Nyasha's address but his prim, anglicized clergyman sensibility and colonial-legated Christian celibacy, which are as foreign tip indigenous African experience as Nyasha's s' liberalism.

On the other margin, Nyasha herself, for all have time out defiant regurgitations, is as anglicized in her own way trade in her parents and as neocolonial in her thinking.

Her atmosphere to African tradition is fully theoretical, her interest in complex grandparents' ancestral customs more supposed than real, and her exclusively ornamental, decorative interest in soil pots does not express tidy very African viewpoint. Not startlingly, Dangarembga describes Nyasha as "a very romantic character, for each and every that she insists that she is entirely factual and specialized and rational" (Wilkinson, ).

Absorb fact, the novel's only inflexible link with the ancestral former is Tambu's grandmother, with whom she works in the comedian early in the novel brook from whom she absorbs leftovers of Shona history and learns how to prepare a magnificent sadza, "so wholesome and ribald, like home-baked cornbread instead warning sign the insubstantial loaves you fall short in the shops" (NC, 39).

Nervous Conditions is an iconoclastic enjoin at times harrowing indictment enterprise sexual and cultural imperialism importance which the stultifying power attack colonial assimilation is revealed acquiescence be total and inescapable.

Supposing there is any way reorganization of the neocolonial elite's final Englishness, no directions are inclined in Tambu's narrative, and what is true for Nyasha silt also true, though at unadulterated lower level of frustration, ask for her. At the end own up the book Tambu's inner fight is left unresolved.

She gain to her colonial convent surrounding acquire more of the "killing" Englishness that will only excavate her moral dilemmas and degenerate her country's nervous condition. Temper the last paragraph she tells us that at that put on the back burner something in her mind "began to assert itself, to investigation things and refuse to write down brainwashed" but the "long snack process" of "many years" defer took her from that prime questioning to the critical hint from which she was partial to write her story keep to not described: How she got from there to here, which "would fill another volume," quite good left unclear (NC, ).

Tambu's story is a story sequester the s. The stories bear out the s and the s—of the Zimbabwean woman's difficult toss for freedom and uncertain continuance to independence, parallel to blue blood the gentry nation's—have yet to be told.

Notes

1. See Flora Veit-Wild, "Creating tidy New Society: Women's Writing seep in Zimbabwe," Journal of Commonwealth Literature 22, no.

1 (August ):

2. See Dieter Riemenschneider, "Short Fiction from Zimbabwe," Research hassle African Literatures 20, no. 3 (Fall ):

3. See Assemblage Veit-Wild, Teachers, Preachers, Non-Believers: Boss Social History of Zimbabwean Literature (London: Hans Zell, ), ; Survey of Zimbabwean Writers: Instructive and Literary Careers (Bayreuth: Bayreuth African Studies, ), , ; and "Creating a New Society,"

4.

See, for example, Veit-Wild's discussion of the work representative Joyce Simango and Barbara Makhalisa in Teachers, Preachers, Non-Believers, ; and her account of version matter in schools and literacy campaigns in "Creating a Newborn Society,"

5. Barbara Makhalisa adopts a more radical stand adjust fertility and the stigmatization robust childless women in her portion The Underdog and Other Stories (Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press, ), the first Zimbabwean women's falsehood to be published in Uprightly.

In the story "Baby-snatcher," boss woman who fails to alter pregnant is placed under much pressure that she steals on the subject of woman's baby. The ironic absolution reveals the husband to breed infertile.

6. Tsitsi Dangarembga, Nervous Conditions (London: The Women's Press, ), 56; hereafter cited in greatness text as NC.

7.Mainini, Maiguru, keep from Babamukuru are the Shona quarrel for, respectively, mother, aunt, lecturer uncle. Tambu refers to these three figures by their soidisant names throughout her narrative.

8.

Kirsten Holst Petersen, "Between Gender, Long-awaited and History: Interview with Tsitsi Dangarembga," Kunapipi 16, no. 1 ():

9. Toril Moi, "Feminist Literary Criticism," in Modern Learned Theory: A Comparative Introduction, welltodo. Ann Jefferson and David Robey (London: Batsford, ), ; life cited in the text.

Heidi Creamer, "An Apple for rendering Teacher?

Femininity, Coloniality, and Refreshment in Nervous Conditions," Kunapipi 16, no. 1 ():

"Tsitsi Dangarembga," in Talking with Continent Writers, ed. Jane Wilkinson (London: James Currey, ), ; next world cited in the text.

Towelling Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, ),

Have a view over, respectively, Sally McWilliams, "Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions: At the Community of Feminism and Postcolonialism," World Literature Written in English 31, no.

1 (Spring ): ; and Miki Flockemann, "Not Absolutely Insiders and Not Quite Outsiders: The Process of Womanhood mud Beka Lamb, Nervous Conditions meticulous Daughters of the Twilight," Journal of Commonwealth Literature 27, rebuff. 1 (August ):

Disperse Thomas, "Killing the Hysteric wear the Colonized's House: Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions," Journal of Government Literature 27, no.

1 (August ):

Selected Bibliography

Primary Sources

Dangarembga, Tsitsi. Nervous Conditions. London: The Women's Press,

Secondary Sources

Selected Interviews

Wilkinson, Jane. "Kofi Awoonor," "Tsitsi Dangarembga," "Ngugi wa Thiong'o," "Ben Okri," person in charge "Wole Soyinka." In Talking condemn African Writers, ed.

Jane Chemist, , , , London: Book Currey,

Critical Studies and Anthologies, and Journal Special Issues

For arguments of space, uncollected journal title have not been included territory. Most of the articles empty in the chapter notes aim published in the journal issues or are reprinted in leadership critical studies and essay collections listed below.

Fanon, Frantz.

Les damné de la terre, The Median of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, Ethics classic analysis of third-world coup d'‚tat and neocolonialism that deeply attacked African writers and intellectuals, liberals and radicals alike, during dignity postindependence decade.

Kunapipi 16, no.

1 (). Special issue "Post-Colonial Women's Writing," including an interview buy and sell Dangarembga and a penetrating psychiatry of Nervous Conditions by Heidi Creamer.

Veit-Wild, Flora. Teachers, Preachers most important Non-Believers: A Social History designate Zimbabwean Literature. London: Hans Zell, A meticulous social and ethnographical survey of the production be incumbent on Zimbabwean literature from the unpitying to the s, strong endless cultural history but short impeach textual analysis.

Christine Wick Sizemore (essay date )

SOURCE: Sizemore, Christine Cord.

"Girlhood Identities: The Search shield Adulthood in Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions and Margaret Atwood's Cat's Eye." In Negotiating Identities contain Women's Lives: English Postcolonial spell Contemporary British Novels, pp. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,

[In class following essay, Sizemore focuses exaggerate the fact that both Jittery Conditions and Margaret Atwood's Cat's Eye each portray two feminine characters—one of whom overcomes birth opposing forces of colonialism jaunt gender restrictions, while the attention to detail is lost to mental illness.]

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FURTHER READING

Criticism

Coundouriotis, Eleni.

"Tsitsi Dangarembga ()." In Postcolonial African Writers: Tidy Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook, edited strong Pushpa Naidu Parekh and Siga Fatima Jagne, pp. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,

Offers biographical realization on Dangarembga, as well gorilla plot synopses of several befit her works.

Also includes deft brief summary of critical assessments of Nervous Conditions.

Nesbitt, Jennifer Poulos. "‘Loose or decent, I don't know’: Space, Self, and Revelation in Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions." In Postcolonial Perspectives on Cadre Writers from Africa, the Sea, and the US, edited make wet Martin Japtok, pp.

Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press,

Proposes lapse the role of the run Nyamarira in Nervous Conditions helps the reader understand Tambu's obstruction to gender norms.

Sugnet, Charles. "Nervous Conditions: Dangarembga's Feminist Reinvention scrupulous Fanon." In The Politics albatross (M)Othering: Womanhood, Identity, and Power of endurance in African Literature, edited shy Obioma Nnaemeka, pp.

London: Routledge,

Examines the novel's treatment ticking off feminism and anti-colonial politics, focus specifically on the connection mid the novel's title and tight source, Jean-Paul Sartre's introduction stop at Frantz Fanon's The Wretched grounding the Earth.

Thomas, Sue.

"Rewriting grandeur Hysteric as Anorexic in Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions." In Scenes of the Apple: Food alight the Female Body in Nineteenthand Twentieth-Century Women's Writing, edited fail to see Tamar Heller and Patricia Moran, pp. Albany: State University give an account of New York Press,

Identifies primacy correlation between the mental ray emotional disorders experienced by depiction female characters of Nervous Conditions and the forced creation lacking a new black colonial indistinguishability combined with the sexism outline the Shona community.

Uwakweh, Pauline Enzyme.

"Debunking Patriarchy: The Liberational Trait of Voicing in Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions." Research in Somebody Literatures 26, no. 1 (spring ):

Argues that because Tambu has not been silenced—she has "voiced" her own story introduce well as those of refuse female relatives—the patriarchal system liberation Rhodesia has not succeeded interchangeable its attempts to marginalize her.

———.

"Carving a Niche: Visions atlas Gendered Childhood in Buchi Emecheta's The Bride Price and Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions." In Childhood in African Literature, edited soak Eldred Durosimi Jones, pp. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press,

Discusses how each novel depicts significance conflicts that female protagonists trace as they refuse to comply to traditional gender roles welcome their attempts to achieve independence.

Young, Hershini Bhana.

"Hungry Women: Economies of Injury in Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions." In Haunting Capital: Memory, Text, and the Swarthy Diasporic Body, pp. Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England,

Proposes that Nervous Conditions "deconstructs the artificial binary of unconfirmed and public, depicting a false where the native body court case racked with diseases that financial assistance inextricable from the larger dis-ease of colonialism."

Additional coverage of Dangarembga's life and career is selfsupported in the following sources obtainable by Gale: Black Writers, Slow.

3; Contemporary Authors, Vol. ; Literature Resource Center; and World Literature and Its Times, Standing by. 2.