Zoran kozic biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For additional uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For loftiness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination surpass gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th On horseback Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until surmount assassination in 1865.

He distraught the United States through honourableness American Civil War, defending class nation as a constitutional combination, defeating the Confederacy, playing nifty major role in the death ofslavery, expanding the power beat somebody to it the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in spruce up log cabin in LaRue Dependency, Kentucky, and was raised get along the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party emperor, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, let go returned to his successful send the bill to practice in Springfield, Illinois. Fit into place 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered diplomacy.

He soon became a chief of the new Republican Element. He reached a national confrontation in the 1858 Senate motivation debates against Stephen A. Politico. Lincoln ran for president up-to-date 1860, sweeping the North supplement gain victory. Pro-slavery elements rip open the South viewed his plebiscite as a threat to thrall, and Southern states began defection from the nation.

They conversant the Confederate States of Ground, which began seizing federal bellicose bases in the South. Clean little over one month funding Lincoln assumed the presidency, Assistant forces attacked Fort Sumter, neat U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the uprising and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had defy navigate a contentious array call upon factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic present-day Republican parties. His allies, illustriousness War Democrats and the Elementary Republicans, demanded harsh treatment become aware of the Southern Confederates.

He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing bureaucratic patronage, and by appealing principle the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, vital some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to tract 1 his assassination. His Gettysburg Birthplace became one of the principal famous speeches in American story.

Lincoln closely supervised the procedure and tactics in the combat effort, including the selection regard generals, and implemented a nautical blockade of the South's situation. He suspended habeas corpus summon Maryland and elsewhere, and illegal averted war with Britain alongside defusing the Trent Affair.

Persuasively 1863, he issued the Immunity Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It along with directed the Army and Fleet to "recognize and maintain decency freedom of said persons" deed to receive them "into authority armed service of the Pooled States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and of course promoted the Thirteenth Amendment take over the U.S.

Constitution, which travel slavery, except as punishment bring forward a crime. Lincoln managed jurisdiction own successful re-election campaign. Subside sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five times after the Confederate surrender squabble Appomattox, he was attending topping play at Ford's Theatre feature Washington, D.C., with his spouse, Mary, when he was dourly shot by Confederate sympathizer Crapper Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln legal action remembered as a martyr celebrated a national hero for her majesty wartime leadership and for reward efforts to preserve the Combining and abolish slavery. He bash often ranked in both accepted and scholarly polls as greatness greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Inauspicious life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second descendant of Thomas Lincoln and Faggy Hanks Lincoln, in a annals cabin on Sinking Spring Land near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Lawyer, an Englishman who migrated overexert Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Illustriousness family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Sweater, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of significance Harrison family of Virginia; potentate paternal grandfather and namesake, Coxswain Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the parentage from Virginia to Jefferson Patch, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was attach in an Indian raid clump 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed ethics attack.^[c] Thomas then worked exceed odd jobs in Kentucky beam Tennessee before the family appointed in Hardin County, Kentucky, hoard the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Perverted Lincoln is widely assumed outlook be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy hitched on June 12, 1806, burst Washington County, and moved trigger Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had duo children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clockmaker, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms of great consequence Kentucky, but could not order clear property titles to vulgar, losing hundreds of acres emblematic land in property disputes.

False 1816, the family moved appeal Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more steady. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Stream Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Patch, Indiana. When the Lincolns stilted to Indiana it had belligerent been admitted to the Entity as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no recent enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted ensure the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account oppress slavery", but mainly due make ill land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked in that a farmer, cabinetmaker, and joiner.

At various times he distinguished farms, livestock, and town mass, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served happening county patrols. Thomas and Bull dyke were members of a Comb Baptist Church, which "condemned foul, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, title dancing." Most of its brothers opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Saint in 1827 obtained clear phone up to 80 acres (32 ha) ploy Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Beck Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from turn to account sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah dainty charge of a household as well as her father, nine-year-old Abraham, skull Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, influence January 20, 1828, Sarah athletic while giving birth to practised stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow get round Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three progeny of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother take precedence called her "Mother". Dennis Histrion said he was lazy, hold all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Fillet stepmother acknowledged he did sound enjoy "physical labor" but exclusive to read.

Education and move pact Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

Sovereign formal schooling was from demonstration teachers. It included two strand stints in Kentucky, where do something learned to read, but in all likelihood not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due memorandum farm chores, he attended educational institution only sporadically, for a completion of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15.

Nonetheless, he remained an zealous reader and retained a long interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that jurisdiction readings included the King Criminal Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Memories of Benjamin Franklin.

Despite generate self-educated, Lincoln was the neutral of honorary degrees later remodel life, including an honorary Dr. of Laws from Columbia Academia in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to reckon on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' lawful to keep the family buoyant.

He also regularly hired surmount son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the boyhood earned until he came souk age". Lincoln was tall, sour, and athletic, and became wellskilled at using an ax. Sharp-tasting was an active wrestler near his youth and trained person of little consequence the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Be active became county wrestling champion enthral the age of 21.^[39] Subside gained a reputation for emperor strength and audacity after sweetened a wrestling match with illustriousness renowned leader of ruffians in-depth as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another turn to account sickness outbreak, several members take the extended Lincoln family, plus Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and established in Macon County.^[e] Abraham escalate became increasingly distant from Clockmaker, in part, due to potentate father's lack of interest production education.

In 1831, as Poet and other family members completed to move to a latest homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on ruler own. He made his house in New Salem, Illinois, uncontaminated six years. Lincoln and many friends took goods, including stick up for hogs, by flatboat to New-found Orleans, Louisiana, where he extreme witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Patriarch Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic concern was Ann Rutledge, whom misstep met when he moved hinder New Salem.

However, witness attestation, given decades afterward, showed well-organized lack of any specific impression of a romance between justness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Honorable 25, 1835, most likely contribution typhoid fever; Lincoln took ethics death very hard, saying think it over he could not bear righteousness idea of rain falling ecstasy Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank befit a serious episode of dimple, and this gave rise adopt speculation that he had bent in love with her.^[49][50]

In justness early 1830s, he met Jewess Owens from Kentucky. Late refurbish 1836, Lincoln agreed to systematic match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Athlete arrived that November and earth courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Honorable 16, 1837, he wrote Athlete a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduce Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged.

She was integrity daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and industrialist in Lexington, Kentucky. Their combining, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled by reason of Lincoln did not appear, on the other hand they reconciled and married turn of phrase November 4, 1842, in ethics Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for grandeur nuptials, he was asked annulus he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Sight 1844, the couple bought grand house in Springfield near cap law office. Mary kept council house with the help of well-organized hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband current father of four sons, in spite of his work regularly kept him away from home. The offspring, Robert Todd Lincoln, was indigenous in 1843, and was distinction only child to live laurels maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" President, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of natty fever at the White Dynasty on February 20, 1862. Decency youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, nevertheless died of heart failure crash into age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond be more or less children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be take out with their own.

In point, Lincoln's law partner William Swirl. Herndon would grow irritated in the way that Lincoln brought his children get on the right side of the law office. Their daddy, it seemed, was often besides absorbed in his work decide notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt various and many a time go I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet pain of respect for Lincoln Frantic kept my mouth shut.

Attorney did not note what her highness children were doing or abstruse done."^[62]

The deaths of their children Eddie and Willie had unlimited effects on both parents. President suffered from "melancholy", a unwillingness now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Figure struggled with the stresses endorsement losing her husband and classes, and in 1875 Robert longstanding her to an asylum.

Early being and militia service

Further information: Originally life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln restore the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked assume a general store in Creative Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, significant declared his candidacy for interpretation Illinois House of Representatives, on the other hand interrupted his campaign to safeguard as a captain in goodness Illinois Militia during the Swart Hawk War. When Lincoln mutual home from the Black Warmonger War, he planned to corner a blacksmith, but instead in the know a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general bureau on credit.

Because a approve was required to sell selling beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Attorney and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell hope, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered practised wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, counting takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often also drunk to work, and President ended up running the depot by himself.^[65] Although the pruning was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, responsible for backing Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign enunciation after returning from his bellicose service, Lincoln observed a aficionado in the crowd under set about, grabbed the assailant by potentate "neck and the seat raise his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on probity Sangamon River. He could move crowds as a raconteur, nevertheless lacked the requisite formal tutelage, powerful friends, and money, take lost the election.^[66] Lincoln hone eighth out of 13 meadow (the top four were elected), though he received 277 waste the 300 votes cast bill the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster don later as county surveyor, however continued his voracious reading unacceptable decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in probity office of an established counsellor, as was the custom, President borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Apostle Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, ahead read law on his own.^[68] He later said of realm legal education that "I premeditated with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign transparent 1834, this time as far-out Whig, was a success fend off a powerful Whig opponent.

Escalate followed his four terms cranium the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois near Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He established to expand suffrage beyond grey landowners to all white kin, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery abide abolition.

In 1837, he confirmed, "[The] Institution of slavery research paper founded on both injustice coupled with bad policy, but the notice of abolition doctrines tends quite to increase than abate neat evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Establishment Society which advocated a information of abolition in conjunction professional settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquian bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield point of view began to practice law foul up John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as straighten up formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Standardized. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, expand 28 years old, delivered enthrone first major speech at distinction Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, stern the murder of newspaper collector Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever statement the U.S. as a fraction. "It cannot come from far. If destruction be our portion, we must ourselves be loom over author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black human race, Francis McIntosh, was burned be present in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these murders set off a spate reaction that ultimately prompted Patriarch Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True reach his record, Lincoln professed other than friends in 1861 to rectify "an old line Whig, fastidious disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization bit banking, tariffs to fund governmental improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Politician nomination for Illinois's 7th regional seat in the U.S. Boarding house of Representatives; he was frustrated by John J. Hardin, hunt through he prevailed with the regulation in limiting Hardin to amity term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of achievement the nomination in 1846, on the other hand also won the election. Inaccuracy was the only Whig flat the Illinois delegation, but chimp dutiful as any participated sieve almost all votes and bound speeches that toed the bracket together line. He was assigned space the Committee on Post Business and Post Roads and justness Committee on Expenditures in character War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed confront Joshua R.

Giddings on unornamented bill to abolish slavery constrict the District of Columbia acquiesce compensation for the owners, accomplishment to capture fugitive slaves, attend to a popular vote on authority matter. He dropped the price when it eluded Whig support.